Атп 83
Signal transduction heavily relies on ATP. ATP can serve as a substrate for kinases, the most numerous ATP- binding protein. When a kinase phosphorylates a protein, a signaling cascade can be activated, leading to the modulation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.[4] Kinase activity is vital to the cell and, therefore, must be tightly regulated. The presence of the magnesium ion helps regulate kinase activity.[5] Regulation is through magnesium ions existing in the cell as a complex with ATP, bound at the phosphate oxygen centers. In addition to kinase activity, ATP can function as a ubiquitous trigger of intracellular messenger release.[6] These messengers include hormones, various-enzymes, lipid mediators, neurotransmitters, nitric oxide, growth factors, and reactive oxygen species.[6] An example of ATP utilization in intracellular signaling can be observed in ATP acting as a substrate for adenylate cyclase. This process mostly occurs in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways. Upon binding to adenylate cyclase, ATP converts to cyclic AMP, which assists in signaling the release of calcium from intracellular stores.[7] The cAMP has other roles, including secondary messengers in hormone signaling cascades, activation of protein kinases, and regulating the function of ion channels.
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
Jacob Dunn ; Michael H. Grider .
Authors
Jacob Dunn 1 ; Michael H. Grider 2 .
Affiliations
1 High Point University
2 High Point University
Last Update: February 13, 2023 .
The body is a complex organism, and as such, it takes energy to maintain proper functioning. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. ATP is commonly referred to as the «energy currency» of the cell, as it provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups. In addition to providing energy, the breakdown of ATP through hydrolysis serves a broad range of cell functions, including signaling and DNA/RNA synthesis. ATP synthesis utilizes energy obtained from multiple catabolic mechanisms, including cellular respiration, beta-oxidation, and ketosis.
The majority of ATP synthesis occurs in cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix: generating approximately thirty-two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose that is oxidized. ATP is consumed for energy in processes including ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis. These processes, as well as others, create a high demand for ATP. As a result, cells within the human body depend upon the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP per day to ensure proper functioning. In the forthcoming sections, ATP will undergo further evaluation of its role as a crucial molecule in the daily functioning of the cell.
Источники:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553175/&rut=99400ecaa210528fa529e9025146397760ccb73c7c97a5ca86172a95a6388c89
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